THE RESULT
What the data shows
The largest computed metric is 33.48 for (77, 82] / origin 3; the smallest is 16.03 for (69, 73] / origin 1. Metric: mean_mpg (Miles per US gallon).
Origin codes are source categories, not a measure of driver behavior or modern national fleets.

| period | origin | vehicles | mean mpg | group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (69, 73] | 1 | 89 | 16.03 | (69, 73] / origin 1 |
| (69, 73] | 2 | 21 | 24.71 | (69, 73] / origin 2 |
| (69, 73] | 3 | 15 | 24.67 | (69, 73] / origin 3 |
| (73, 77] | 1 | 75 | 19.02 | (73, 77] / origin 1 |
| (73, 77] | 2 | 24 | 25.83 | (73, 77] / origin 2 |
| (73, 77] | 3 | 20 | 28.12 | (73, 77] / origin 3 |
| (77, 82] | 1 | 85 | 25.26 | (77, 82] / origin 1 |
| (77, 82] | 2 | 25 | 32.54 | (77, 82] / origin 2 |
| (77, 82] | 3 | 44 | 33.48 | (77, 82] / origin 3 |
THE METHOD
From source to answer
Origin-stratified model-year bands with sample counts.
The Python source exposes this study’s transformations. The complete project download includes shared preparation and evaluation routines.
THE NEXT DECISION
What follows from the finding
Check composition before presenting geographical comparisons of efficiency.
Where the conclusion stops
Historical city-cycle vehicle observations are not current fleet performance. Vehicle mix and model year are confounded. A '?' horsepower value means missing, not zero.
Related studies may reuse observations or holdouts. These are historical analyses; associations and backtests do not demonstrate commercial impact. Further model tuning needs new, untouched evaluation data.